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www.earthpulse.com          43           www.earthpulse.com
           The  language  in  some  documents  hints  that  an  element  of  mine  is  bigger
           than yours competition goaded the Americans to build a facility that would be three
           times more powerful than anything the Russians or the Germans have. Here we must
           make it clear that an ionospheric heater isn't judged by height. It may look like a five
           or ten acre field of fifty-foot high crosses (technically called crossed dipoles) in a
           square arrangement. The larger the area covered by antennae, the more powerful.

                  Although  they  are  without  an  ionospheric  heater,  Penn  State  still  has  a
           respectably sized department involved in ionospheric modification - "about ten
           faculty and maybe 20 grad students". Formerly called the ionospheric research lab, it
           has become Communications and Space Sciences.
                  "It used to be very large, and very interdisciplinary with math, chemistry
           and physics people in it. Now it's primarily electrical engineering," Ferraro said.
                                      *        *        *

                  John  D.  Matthews  is  a  physicist  who  finds  himself  in  the  electrical
           engineering department at Penn State because of consolidation of departments. His
           specialty is the area of the ionosphere down at about the 100 kilometer altitude.
           During a phone interview he noted that the main radar (for high frequency ionospheric
           heating  experiments)  at  Arecibo,  Puerto  Rico,  can  significantly  heat  the  lower
           ionosphere as well as the upper. The heating is a Tesult of a high poweT "diagnostic"
           instrument. Arecibo is currently getting a major upgrade.

                  Most of the heating is done at around 200 kilometers altitude - called the
           Lower F region of the ionosphere - because it is easier to heat that higher region to
           the maximum.

                  Penn  State  got  in  on  the  ground  floor  with  HAARP.  In  1991  several
           departments  at  the  university  -  the  Applied  Research  Laboratory,  Computer
           Engineering and Engineering Electronic Design Services - combined resources to go
           after a desirable contract. They were among the winners. Penn State, APTI and
           Raytheon Corporation were each given contracts to study how to design the HAARP
           facility. Afterward, APTI invited Penn State to join it, along with SRI International
           and Ahtna Inc., an Alaskan corporation, as a team. The Office of Naval Research
           chose their  team to build and demonstrate  the powerful ionospheric heater  near
           Gakona,  Alaska.  "The  capability  will  be  further  expanded  to  its  final  world  class
           performance capability in 1996."58

                           HAARP: SECRET DUETS AND TRIOS?

                  Ionospheric heaters are a very specialized area of research. "There are two
           groups in the Soviet Union, several people in Europe and maybe ten people in the
           states.  That's  about  it,"  said  Sacha  Koustov,  a  Canadian/Russian  ionospheric
           scientist at the University of Saskatchewan. Like most of the atmospheric scientists
           interviewed, he was not familiar with the HAARP literature.
           58 Hay J. Lunnen, Jr. and Anthony J. Ferraro, "High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program",
           Pennsylvania State in house publication,
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